Which of the following is NOT included in Roy's six-step nursing process?

In the context of nursing theories, particularly Roy's Adaptation Model, the correct response highlights that establishing therapeutic relationships with patients is not explicitly listed as one of the six steps in the nursing process outlined by Sister Callista Roy.

Roy's six-step nursing process specifically focuses on assessing behaviors related to the four adaptive modes—physiological, self-concept, role function, and interdependence—setting goals for adaptation, and evaluating the achievement of those goals. Each of these steps is designed to promote an individual's ability to adapt to internal and external environments and enhance overall health.

While establishing therapeutic relationships is a critical aspect of nursing practice and can facilitate the entire nursing process, it is not a discrete step in Roy's model. The model emphasizes systematic assessment, goal-setting, intervention, and evaluation, guiding nurses to support patients in adapting effectively. This focus on structured assessment and goal-oriented care underscores the importance of adaptation rather than the broader interpersonal aspects of nursing practice, which include therapeutic relationships.